A new study published in Nature Food challenges the long-held belief that small farmers in low- and middle-income countries should focus on growing a wide variety of crops to improve their diets. Instead, the research suggests that better access to regional markets may be more effective in reducing hunger and malnutrition.
For years, experts have advocated for smallholder farmers to diversify their crops and livestock to ensure a balanced diet. However, the study, led by researchers at the University of Bonn, reveals that while farm diversity does contribute to dietary improvements, its impact is relatively small. The key to better nutrition lies in well-functioning local and regional markets, which provide households with access to a wider variety of foods.
The study analyzed data from nearly 90,000 households across six African countries—Ethiopia, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda—collected between 2008 and 2022. The findings showed that while farmers who grew more diverse crops and raised multiple animal species did have slightly better diets, the effect was limited. Instead, the research highlighted the critical role of markets in shaping dietary patterns.
“Small-scale agricultural production in Africa is already highly diverse,” explained Dr. Thanh Tung Nguyen, a researcher at the University of Bonn’s Center for Development Research (ZEF). “Ensuring good access to local and regional markets is more important than further increasing the diversity on individual farms. Markets allow farmers to sell their surplus and buy foods they lack, enriching their diets.”
The data revealed that, on average, only about one-third of the food consumed by smallholder households came from their own farms. The remaining two-thirds were purchased from markets. Households located closer to markets had more diverse and nutritious diets, as they could easily access a wider range of foods.
Despite the clear benefits of market access, many regions still face significant challenges. Poor infrastructure, such as inadequate roads, often makes it difficult for farmers to transport their goods to markets. This can lead to food spoilage and financial losses, further exacerbating food insecurity.
The study underscores the need for policymakers to prioritize improving market infrastructure and connectivity in rural areas. “Access to local and regional markets is vitally important for a good quality diet,” emphasized Nguyen. “Investments in roads, transportation, and market facilities could have a profound impact on reducing hunger and malnutrition.”
In conclusion, while crop diversity remains a valuable strategy, the study suggests that enhancing market access may be the most effective way to improve dietary outcomes for smallholder farmers and their communities in low- and middle-income countries.
